Frost damage of bricks composing a railway tunnel monument in Central Japan: field monitoring and laboratory simulation

Bricks Agogo Bell of tunnels and bridges of Usui Pass railway (Japan) exposed to north are subject to frost damage.Average depth of erosion due to detachment of angular blocks is around 1-1.5 cm.In order to assess this weathering and to understand its mechanism, an experimental study was carried out in the field and laboratory.Field monitoring show

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Four-Dimensional XStrain Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Strain and Rotational Mechanics: Technology, Clinical Applications, Advantages and Limitations

Because of its excellent ability to non-invasively assess left ventricular (LV) systolic function, two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is increasingly being used in echocardiographic laboratories worldwide.Two-dimensional STE is the most sought-after method to evaluate LV strain, rotation, twist and torsion.Two dimensional, thre

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